Acetylsalicylic Acid, also known by trade name Aspirin, is an acetyl derivative of salicylic acid that is a white, crystalline, weakly acidic substance, with melting point 137°C. It is useful in the relief of headache and muscle and joint aches. Aspirin is also effective in reducing fever, inflammation, and swelling and thus has been used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic fever, and mild infection. Large doses cause acid-base imbalance and respiratory disturbances and can be fatal, especially in children. Acetaminophen (known by trade name Tylenol), which does not cause gastric irritation but does lower fever and relieve pain, is often substituted for Aspirin.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
PHYSICAL STATE
Odorless, Colourless or a white crystalline powder
MELTING POINT
136 C (with decomposition)
BOILING POINT
140 C
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
1.35
SOLUBILITY IN WATER
1g/100g water @ 37C
pH
VAPOR DENSITY
AUTOIGNITION
NFPA RATINGS
Health: 2 Flammability: 1 Reactivity: 0
REFACTIVE INDEX
FLASH POINT
STABILITY
Stable in dry air (hydrolyzes in moist air, decomposes in hot water)
APPLICATIONS
Acetylsalicylic Acid is used in analgesics, anti-inflammatories, antipyretics, anticoagulants and anti-rheumatics. It is also used as an additive in food, animal feed, drug and cosmetic.
Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs); chemically heterogeneous large groups of drugs which suppress inflammation in a manner similar to steroids, but less side effects of sedation, respiratory depression, or addiction than steroids. They are widely used for the treatment of inflammatory disorders and painful conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis, painful menstruation, and headache. They are effective in the relief of pain and fever. NSAIDs inhibit the cyclooxygenase (COX) activity resulting in decreased synthesis of prostaglandin, leukotriene and thromboxane precursors such as the ubiquitous enzyme which catalyzes the initial step in the synthesis of prostanoids. Prostanoid is any of a group of C-20 fatty acids complex with an internal five or six carbon rings such as prostaglandins, prostanoic acid, prostacyclins, and thromboxane; derived from arachidonic acid (C-20 polyunsaturated fatty acid with four cis double bonds). The action or the synthesis of prostanoids are involved in the modulation of a variety of pathophysiologic processes including inflammation, hemostasis, thrombosis, cytoprotection, ulceration, hemodynamics and other the progression of kidney diseases. Thus, NSAIDs as non-selective inhibitors of the cyclooxygenases (both the cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 isoenzymes) may have beneficial as well as untoward effects on a variety of human diseases. Low stomach prostanoid levels caused by COX-1 inhibitors can result in ulceration and internal bleeding and perforation. The selective COX-2 inhibitors such as oxicam, meloxicam, and coxibs (celecoxib, rofecoxib, valdecoxib, parecoxib and etoricoxib) do not interfere with COX-1. The most prominent NSAID is aspirin. Nonaspirin NSAIDs can be classified based on chemical structures.
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAID) by chemical structure
Salicylic Acid is a white crystalline powder or needle-shaped crystals with sweetish taste; soluble in acetone, ether, alcohol, boiling water, benzene and turpentine, sparingly soluble in chloroformbenzene, slightly soluble in water; melts at 158°C. The sodium salt form (sodium salicylate) is common commercially, prepared from mainly sodium phenolate with carbon dioxide under heating and pressure. It contains both a hydroxyl and a carboxyl group, which react with either an acid or an alcohol. The carboxyl group forms esters with alcohols; e.g. methyl salicylate is formed with methanol, which used in food flavorings and preservatives; menthyl salicylate is formed with methanol, which is used in suntan lotions. The hydroxyl group reacts with acetic acid to form acetylsalicylic acid (called aspirin) which is the most widely common antiseptic and antipyretic agent. Phenyl salicylate (called salol) is formed with phenol, which is also used as an antiseptic and antipyretic agent. The sodium salt (Sodium salicylate), a shiny white powder, is used for antiseptics preparations and as a preservative. In addition to its analgesic and antipyretic properties, salicylic acid possesses keratinolytic properties and fungicidal properties. It ans its derivatives are used in the treatment of hyperkeratotic, dandruff, ichthyosis and psoriasis as well as in the treatment of fungal skin infections such as tinea. Para-Aminosalicylic acid (abbreviated PAS and PASA) is an analogue of para-aminobenzoic acid (abbreviated PABA) that inhibits folic acid synthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is bacteriostatic, inhibits growth and multiplication of the tubercle bacillus. Para-Aminosalicylic acid and its sodium salt (sodium p-Aminosalicylate) are bacteriostatic against mycobacteria and used in the treatment of tuberculosis; administered orally. Brand names are Tubasal, Nemasol Sodium and etc. Aminosalicylic acids are pharmaceutically active ingredients including anti-infectives against colds, flu, or other virus infections. Mesalamine (5-aminosalicylic acid, abbreviated 5-ASA) an active metabolite of sulfasalazine, used to treat inflammation of the rectum and lower colon, mild to moderate ulcerative colitis proctosigmoiditis, and proctitis. Para-Aminosalicylic acid (4-hydroxybenzoic acid) is used as an intermediate of bacteriostatic agent specially for parabens (alkyl esters of p-hydroxy benzoic acid) which used in food and personal care products as a preservative. It is applied in the production of liquid crystal polymers. It is also used as an intermediate of dyes, insecticides, pharmaceutical, pesticides and other chemical compounds. Salicylic Acid and its derivatives are important for the preparation of other pharmaceutical products, dyes, flavours, and preservatives.
Amide is a group of organic chemicals with the general formula RCO-NH2 in which a carbon atom is attached to oxygen in double bond and also attached to an hydroxyl group, where 'R' groups range from hydrogen to various linear and ring structures or a compound with a metal replacing hydrogen in ammonia such as sodium amide, NaNH2. Amides are divided into subclasses according to the number of substituents on nitrogen. The primary amide is formed from by replacement of the carboxylic hydroxyl group by the NH2, amino group. An example is acetamide (acetic acid + amide). Amide is obtained by reaction of an acid chloride, acid anhydride, or ester with an amine. Amides are named with adding '-ic acid' or '-oic acid' from the name of the parent carboxylic acid and replacing it with the suffix 'amide'. Amide can be formed from ammonia (NH3). The secondary and tertiary amides are the compounds which one or both hydrogens in primary amides are replaced by other groups. The names of secondary and tertiary amides are denoted by the replaced groups with the prefix capital N (meaning nitrogen) prior to the names of parent amides. Low molecular weight amides are soluble in water due to the formation of hydrogen bonds. primary amides have higher melting and boiling points than secondary and tertiary amides. Anilide is an amide derived from aniline by substitution of an acyl group for the hydrogen of NH2. Acetanilide is from acetic acid and aniline. Acetanilide is an odourless, white flake solid or crystalline powder (pure form); soluble in hot water alcohol, ether, chloroform, acetone, glycerol, and benzene;; melting point 114 C and boiling point 304 C; can undergo self-ignite at 545 C, but is otherwise stable under most conditions. Acetanilide which can be obtained by acetylation of aniline undergoes nitration at low temperature and yields highly the para-nitro products. Acetyl group can then be removed by acid-catalyzed hydrolysis to yield para-nitroaniline. Although the activating affection of the amino group can be reduced, the acetyl derivative remains an ortho/para-orientation and activating substituent. Examples of aromatic anilide are benzanilide, C6H5NHCOC6H5 or Carbanilide (N,N'-diphenylcarbamide). Some structural amides are;
Acetamides
Acrylamides
Anilides
Benzamides
Naphthylamides
Formamides
Lactams
Salicylamides
Sulfonamides
Thioamides
Fatty amides
An amide is hydrolyzed to yield an amine and a carboxylic acid under strong acidic conditions. The reverse of this process resulting in the loss of water to link amino acids is wide in nature to form proteins, the principal constituents of the protoplasm of all cells. Acyl halides are the most reactive but amides the least reactive among carboxylic acid derivatives, as in order of "acyl halides > anhydrides > esters ¡Ã acids > amides". In homogeneous solvent systems, amides react with water only in the presence of strong acid or base catalysts under heating. Because of the nitrogen non-bonded electron pair with the carbonyl group, amides are very polar and the basicity is weaker than amines. Electrophiles bond to oxygen atom in preference to the nitrogen in an amide. One example of this reaction is the production of nitriles by dehydration of primary amides when treated with thionyl chloride. The addition of water to nitriles (carbon-nitrogen triple bond) gives an amide. Sulfonamides are analogs of amides in which the atom attached to oxygen in double bond is sulfur rather than carbon. Sulfonamides react with alkyl halides, acid halides, sulfonyl halides, epihalohydrins, ketones and aldehydes under basic conditions. Benzamide, the simplest aromatic carboxylic amide, is used in the synthesis of various organic compounds. Polyamide is a polymer containing repeated amide groups such as various kinds of nylon and polyacrylamides.
Acetanilide is an odourless, white flake solid or crystalline powder (pure form); soluble in hot water alcohol, ether, chloroform, acetone, glycerol, and benzene;; melting point 114 C and boiling point 304 C; can undergo self-ignite at 545 C, but is otherwise stable under most conditions.
Acetanilide which can be obtained by acetylation of aniline undergoes nitration at low temperature and yields highly the para-nitro products. Acetyl group can then be removed by acid-catalyzed hydrolysis to yield para-nitroaniline. Although the activating affection of the amino group can be reduced, the acetyl derivative remains an ortho/para-orientation and activating substituent.
Acetanilide is used as an inhibitor of peroxides and stabilizer for cellulose ester varnishes. It is used as an intermediate for the synthesis of rubber accelerators, dyes and dye intermediate and camphor. It is used as a precursor in penicillin synthesis and other pharmaceuticals including painkillers and intermediates. Phenylacetamide strucure shows analgesic and antipyretic effects. But acetanilide is not used directly for this application due to causing methemoglobinemia (the presence of excessive methemoglobin which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier in the blood). Acetaminophen (4'-hydroxyacetanilide) is the analogue widely used as a nonprescription drug with analgesic and antipyretic effects similar to aspirin.
SALES SPECIFICATION
APPEARANCE
white leaflets or flakes
ASSAY
99.0% min
TRANSPORTATION
PACKING
25kgs in bag
HAZARD CLASS
Not regulated
UN NO.
OTHER INFORMATION
Hazard Symbols: XN, Risk Phrases: 22
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF AMIDE AND ANILIDE
Amide is a group of organic chemicals with the general formula RCO-NH2 in which a carbon atom is attached to oxygen in double bond and also attached to an hydroxyl group, where 'R' groups range from hydrogen to various linear and ring structures or a compound with a metal replacing hydrogen in ammonia such as sodium amide, NaNH2. Amides are divided into subclasses according to the number of substituents on nitrogen. The primary amide is formed from by replacement of the carboxylic hydroxyl group by the NH2, amino group. An example is acetamide (acetic acid + amide). Amide is obtained by reaction of an acid chloride, acid anhydride, or ester with an amine. Amides are named with adding '-ic acid' or '-oic acid' from the name of the parent carboxylic acid and replacing it with the suffix 'amide'. Amide can be formed from ammonia (NH3). The secondary and tertiary amides are the compounds which one or both hydrogens in primary amides are replaced by other groups. The names of secondary and tertiary amides are denoted by the replaced groups with the prefix capital N (meaning nitrogen) prior to the names of parent amides. Low molecular weight amides are soluble in water due to the formation of hydrogen bonds. primary amides have higher melting and boiling points than secondary and tertiary amides. Anilide is an amide derived from aniline by substitution of an acyl group for the hydrogen of NH2. Acetanilide is from acetic acid and aniline. Acetanilide is an odourless, white flake solid or crystalline powder (pure form); soluble in hot water alcohol, ether, chloroform, acetone, glycerol, and benzene;; melting point 114 C and boiling point 304 C; can undergo self-ignite at 545 C, but is otherwise stable under most conditions. Acetanilide which can be obtained by acetylation of aniline undergoes nitration at low temperature and yields highly the para-nitro products. Acetyl group can then be removed by acid-catalyzed hydrolysis to yield para-nitroaniline. Although the activating affection of the amino group can be reduced, the acetyl derivative remains an ortho/para-orientation and activating substituent. Examples of aromatic anilide are benzanilide, C6H5NHCOC6H5 or Carbanilide (N,N'-diphenylcarbamide). Some structural amides are;
Acetamides
Acrylamides
Anilides
Benzamides
Naphthylamides
Formamides
Lactams
Salicylamides
Sulfonamides
Thioamides
Fatty amides
An amide is hydrolyzed to yield an amine and a carboxylic acid under strong acidic conditions. The reverse of this process resulting in the loss of water to link amino acids is wide in nature to form proteins, the principal constituents of the protoplasm of all cells. Acyl halides are the most reactive but amides the least reactive among carboxylic acid derivatives, as in order of "acyl halides > anhydrides > esters ¡Ã acids > amides". In homogeneous solvent systems, amides react with water only in the presence of strong acid or base catalysts under heating. Because of the nitrogen non-bonded electron pair with the carbonyl group, amides are very polar and the basicity is weaker than amines. Electrophiles bond to oxygen atom in preference to the nitrogen in an amide. One example of this reaction is the production of nitriles by dehydration of primary amides when treated with thionyl chloride. The addition of water to nitriles (carbon-nitrogen triple bond) gives an amide. Sulfonamides are analogs of amides in which the atom attached to oxygen in double bond is sulfur rather than carbon. Sulfonamides react with alkyl halides, acid halides, sulfonyl halides, epihalohydrins, ketones and aldehydes under basic conditions. Benzamide, the simplest aromatic carboxylic amide, is used in the synthesis of various organic compounds. Polyamide is a polymer containing repeated amide groups such as various kinds of nylon and polyacrylamides.
Acetaminophen is an odorless, slightly bitter taste white crystalline powder. It is soluble in organic solvents such as methanol and ethanol but slightly soluble in water and ether. It's pH range is 5.5 - 6.5 based on saturated aqueous solution. It, chemically N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl) acetamide, is derived from the interaction of p-aminophenol and an aqueous solution of acetic anhydride. Acetaminophen is a nonprescription analgesic and antipyretic drug similar to aspirin. But acetaminophen is not an NSAID (Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drug) as it doesn't participate in the inflammatory response. But acetaminophen is not an NSAID as it doesn't participate in the inflammatory response as it can not inhibit cyclooxygenases in the presence of peroxides. There are high levels of peroxides in platelets. Prostaglandin which reduces blood coagulation is produced through cyclooxygenase pathway. In result, NSAIDs including aspirin have detrimental effects on the stomach lining, where prostaglandins serve a protective role, but paracetamol has almost no adverse effects on the stomach or esophagus. Taking large doses of acetaminophen for a long time may impair liver function to some liver damage. Paracetamol (para-acetyl-amino-phenol) is another name of acetaminophen (N-acetyl-para-aminophenol). It is also used as an intermediate for pharmaceuticals(as a precursor in penicillin) and azo dyes, stabilizer for hydrogen peroxide, photographic chemicals.
SALES SPECIFICATION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BP93 / USP23
APPEARANCE
white crystalline powder
IDENTIFICATION
complies
ASSAY
99.0-101.0%
MELTING POINT
168 - 172 C
HEAVY METAL
10ppm max
P-AMINOPHENOL
50ppm max
RESIDUE ON IGNITION
0.1% max
LOSS ON DRYING
0.5% max
CHLORIDE
0.014% max
SULFATE
0.02% max
SULFIDE
pass test
READILY CARBONIZABALES
pass test (4-chloroacetanilide)
and ACETAMINOPHEN DC 90
TRANSPORTATION
PACKING
25kgs in bag
HAZARD CLASS
UN NO.
OTHER INFORMATION
Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs); chemically heterogeneous large groups of drugs which suppress inflammation in a manner similar to steroids, but less side effects of sedation, respiratory depression, or addiction than steroids. They are widely used for the treatment of inflammatory disorders and painful conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis, painful menstruation, and headache. They are effective in the relief of pain and fever. NSAIDs inhibit the cyclooxygenase (COX) activity resulting in decreased synthesis of prostaglandin, leukotriene and thromboxane precursors such as the ubiquitous enzyme which catalyzes the initial step in the synthesis of prostanoids. Prostanoid is any of a group of C-20 fatty acids complex with an internal five or six carbon rings such as prostaglandins, prostanoic acid, prostacyclins, and thromboxane; derived from arachidonic acid (C-20 polyunsaturated fatty acid with four cis double bonds). The action or the synthesis of prostanoids are involved in the modulation of a variety of pathophysiologic processes including inflammation, hemostasis, thrombosis, cytoprotection, ulceration, hemodynamics and other the progression of kidney diseases. Thus, NSAIDs as non-selective inhibitors of the cyclooxygenases (both the cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 isoenzymes) may have beneficial as well as untoward effects on a variety of human diseases. Low stomach prostanoid levels caused by COX-1 inhibitors can result in ulceration and internal bleeding and perforation. The selective COX-2 inhibitors such as oxicam, meloxicam, and coxibs (celecoxib, rofecoxib, valdecoxib, parecoxib and etoricoxib) do not interfere with COX-1. The most prominent NSAID is aspirin. Nonaspirin NSAIDs can be classified based on chemical structures.
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAID) by chemical structure
